Pre- and Postnatal Predator Cues Shape Offspring Anti-predatory Behavior Similarly in the Bank Vole
نویسندگان
چکیده
Prey animals can assess the risks predators present in different ways. For example, direct cues produced by be used, but also signals prey conspecifics that have engaged non-lethal predator-prey interactions. These interactions thereby affect physiology, behavior, and survival of individuals, may offspring performance through maternal effects. We investigated how timing exposure to predation-related during early development affects behavior after weaning. Females laboratory were exposed pregnancy or lactation one three odor treatments: (1) predator (PO) originating from their most common predator, least weasel, (2) predator-exposed conspecifics, which we call conspecific alarm cue (CAC), (3) control (C). monitored postnatal pup growth, quantified foraging exploratory behaviors 4-week-old pups following mothers each odour treatments. Exposure odors associated with predation risk affected exposure, i.e., pre- vs. postnatally, had only a weak effect. The two non-control led behavioral changes: an attraction CAC avoidance PO. Additionally, growth was interaction between litter size treatment, again regardless timing. Pups treatment grew faster larger litters; PO tended grow smaller litters. Thus, rodents, are seemingly influenced differently type perceived mothers.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['2296-701X']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.709207